Reem Bazal and Maha Atwi

Source Text إنهذهالشركاتتقومبدورأساسيوفاعلفيعمليةالعولمةوذلكمنخلالالاستثمارالمباشروتفكيكالعمليةالإنتاجيةوتكاملهادولياً،واشاعةنمطإستهلاكمحددوثقافةإستهلاكيةموحدةعلىصعيدالعالم،والسيطرةفيمجالالإعلاموالإعلانوالإتصالات. الفرعالثاني: منظمةالتجارةالعالميةواتفاقياتها انشئتمنظمةالتجارةالعالميةعام ١٩٩٥،وهيخليفةإتفاقية "الغات" وهيالإتفاقيةالعامةللتعريفاتالجمركيةوالتجارة،وقدابرمتفي ٣٠ تشرينالأول ١٩٤٨ ودخلتحيزالنفاذفيالأولمنكانونالثاني ١٩٤٨. فيجولةالأوروغواي ١٩٨٧-١٩٩٣ تمالتوصلإلى ٢٢ إتفاقاًدولياًبمافيهاالغات ١٩٤٨ وأصبحتتسمىالغات ١٩٤٨ تميزاًلهاعنالإتفاقيةالأصليةالتيأصبحتجزءًامنكلالاتفاقياتاللاحقة. وبالإضافةإلىتلكالإتفاقياتهناكسبعتفاهماتهدفتإلىتوضيحبعضالأحكامالواردةفيالإتفاقياتالدوليةوقدجاءتهذهالإتفاقيةوالتفاهماتفيصورةملاحقللإتفاقالمنشىءلمنظمةالتجارةالعالميةالمعروفبإتفاقمراكشوأصبحتبناءًعليه،شروطأومتطلباتالإنضمامإلىمنظمةالتجارةالعالميةتستندإلىقبولاتفاقياتوتفاهماتجولةالأوروغوايكحزمةواحدةوهيالإتفاقياتالتيتحكمالتجارةفيالسلعوالخدماتوالجوانبالتجاريةلحقوقالملكيةالفكرية. وسنعرضلاهمالإتفاقياتالتيتضمنتهاجولةالأوروغوايمعالتشديدعلىإتفاقية "التربس". 1 - إتفاقيةالزراعة: تنصعلىتحويلالقيودغيرالتعريفيةالمفروضةعلىالسلعالزراعيةإلىقيودتعريفيةومنثمتخفيضالتعرفةالجمركيةولوبنسبمتفاوتةوبمددزمنيةمختلفةللبلدانالمتقدمةوالبلدانالنامية،بمتوسط 36 بالمئةفيحالةالدولالمتقدمةو24 بالمئةللدولالناميةويتمإنجازهذاالتخفيضخلال 6 سنواتبالنسبةللدولالمتقدمةوعشرسنواتللبلدانالنامية،ولايلزمالاتفاقالدولالاقلنمواًبإجراءأيةتخفيضاتعلىتعرفتهاالجمركيةلوارداتهامنالسلعالزراعية. كمانصتالإتفاقيةعلىعدمتقديمأيةدعمجديدللصادراتالزراعيةوعلىتخفيضالدعمالذييقدمللصادراتمنالسلعالزراعيةبنسبة 36 بالمئةمنقيمتهوبنسبة 21 بالمئةمنحجمالصادراتالتيتستفيدمندعمالتصديرعلىأساسمتوسطماكانيتممندعمخلالالفترةمن ١٩٨٦ إلى ١٩٩٠. وذلكخلال ٦ سنواتبالنسبةللدولالصناعيةويتمتخفيضهذاالدعمبنسبة ٢٤ منالقمةو١٤ بالمئةمنالكميةبالنسبةللدولالناميةخلال ١٠ سنواتمنبدءتنفيذالاتفاقية. 2- إتفاقيةالملابسوالمنسوجات: وتنصعلىإدراجتجارةالمنسوجاتوألملابسضمنإتفاقيةمتعددةالأطراففيفترةتمتدإلىعشرسنواتتنقسمإلىأربعةمراحل: - 1995 المرحلةالأولى،وتبدأبتحرير ١٦ بالمئةمنالحجمالكليللوارداتمنالمنسوجاتوالملابسكماكانتعام 1990. - ١٩٩٥ - ١٩٩٨،المرحلةالثانيةتكونالنسبةفيها ١٧ بالمئة. - ١٩٩٨ - ٢٠٠٢المرحلةالثالثة،وتكونالنسبة ١٨ بالمئة. - ٢٠٠٢ - ٢٠٠٥المرحلةالرابعة،وتكونالنسبةالمتبقيةوهي ٤٩ بالمئة. وفيهذهالمراحلتلغىالحصصالكميةالتيكانتسائدةقبلجولةالأوروغواي. قدنصتالمادة (٨) بإنشاءجهازللمتابعةعلىتنفيذالأعضاءللإلتزاماتولاحكامهذهالإتفاقيةويتكونهذاالجهازمنرئيسوعشرةأعضاءوهوبمثابةهيئةدائماتشرفتجارةالأنسجةوالملبوساتويقومبفحصكافةالمعاييرالتيتتضمنهاشروطالإتفاقيةوموافاتالأعضاءبالنتائجويلتزمالأعضاءبقبولالتوصياتالتيتصدرعنجهازالمتابعة. وقدارفقتبهذهالإتفاقيةقائمةمطولةتشملكافةالمنتجاتالتيتخضعلأحكامهذهالإتفاقيةومواصفاتهاونسبمكوناتها. 3- إتفاقيةالتجارةفيالخدمات GATS)) وتغطيتجارةالخدماتكافة،وتحددمبادئوقواعدلتجارةالخدماتوجداولبالإلتزماتالتيتتعهدبهاالدولالأعضاءوهناكمفاوضاتجديدةبدأتبشأنتجارةالخدماتمنذاذار ٢٠٠١ إرفاقالإتفاقيةبمجموعةمنالملاحق،نصتالمادة (٢٩) علىاعتبرهاجزءًامكملاًللإتفاقية. وتشملهذهالملاحقالخدماتالماليةوالنقلالجويوالإتصالاتوحركةالعمالةبالإضافةإلىالإعفاءاتالخاصةبمنحالدولالأولىبالرعاية. وتنصالمادة (٢٥) منإتفاقيةالتجارةفيالخدمات GATS))،علىإعتبارالتعاونالفنيبيندولالأعضاءيمثلإحدىالضروراتالأساسيةلإنجاحجهودتحريرالتجارةالدوليةفيالخدمات. وفيهذاالخصوصتوفرنقاطالإتصالالمنصوصاليهافيالفقرة (٢) منالمادة (٤) توفيرالمعلوماتوالخدماتمنالموردينمنالأعضاءالذينيحتاجونإلىالمساعدةالفنيةللبلدانالناميةبهدفتمكنهامنتنفيذالإتفاقيةوتعديلمواءمةتشريعاتهاالوطنيةوفقاًلذلكبهدفزيادةمشاركةهذهالدولفيالتجارةالدوليةللخدمات. Machine Translation These companies play a key role and an actor in the process of globalization, through direct investment and the dismantling of the production process and integration internationally, and the rumor that a specific pattern of consumption and consumer culture standardized worldwide, and control in the field of media, advertising and communications. Section II: WTO and its agreements Established the World Trade Organization in 1995, a successor agreement “GATT“It is the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, was signed on 30 October 1948, and entered into force on the first of January 1948. In the 1987-1993 Uruguay Round was reached to 22 international agreements, including the GATT 1948, and became known as the GATT 1948 distinguished her from the original agreement, which became a part of all subsequent agreements. In addition to these agreements there are seven understandings aimed to clarify the following provisions contained in international conventions have come this agreement and understandings in the form of supplements to the agreement originator of the World Trade Organization , known by agreement Crash became Accordingly, conditions or requirements to join the World Trade Organization are based on the acceptance of agreements and understandings tour Uruguay as one package which agreements governing trade in goods and services and the commercial aspects of intellectual property rights. We will present the most important agreements contained in the Uruguay Round Agreement, with an emphasis on the “trips“. 1 - Agriculture Agreement: Provides for the transfer of non-tariff barriers imposed on agricultural commodities to the limitations of identifying and then reducing tariffs if to varying degrees and lengths of time are different for developed countries and developing countries , with an average 36 percent in the case of developed countries and 24 percent for developing countries and is accomplished this reduction through 6 years for developed countries and ten years for developing countries , the agreement does not need the least developed countries to make any reductions in customs tariffs for imports of agricultural commodities . As stated in the agreement not to provide any new support for agricultural exports and the reduction of subsidies provided to exports of agricultural commodities by 36 percent of its value and 21 percent of the volume of exports, which benefit from export subsidies based on the average they used to be of support during the period from 1986 to 1990. During 6 years for industrialized countries and this support is reduced by 24 of the top 14 percent of the amount for developing countries during the 10 years of the start of implementation of the Convention. 2 - Agreement clothing and textiles: It provides for the inclusion of trade in textiles and Ombus multiple Alotarapovi agreement within a period of ten years divided into four stages: 1995 - The first phase, and start editing the 16 percent of the total volume of imports of textiles and clothing as they were in 1990. - 1995 - 1998, the second phase where the ratio is 17 percent. - 1998 - 2002 the third phase and the ratio is 18 percent. - 2002 - 2005 the fourth stage, and be the remaining 49 percent. In these stages canceled the quota shares that were prevalent before the Uruguay Round. May Article (8) the establishment of a follow-up to implement the Members of the obligations and provisions of this Agreement consists of this device from the Head of the ten members which is a body always oversees trade in textiles and apparel and scans all of the criteria contained in the terms of the agreement Amovat Members results Oaltzm Members to accept the recommendations of the device follow-up. I have attached to this agreement includes a lengthy list of all the products that are subject to the provisions of this Convention and its specifications and proportions of components. 3 - the Convention on Trade in Services GATS)) Cover trade in services all , and sets out principles and rules for trade in services and schedules Balaltazmat undertaken by Member States and there are new negotiations began on Trade in Services since March 2001 to attach the agreement set of appendices , Article (29) on the deemed an integral part of the Convention . These supplements include financial services, air transport and communications and the movement of labor as well as exemptions for granting MFN. Article (25) of the Convention on Trade in Services GATS)), on the grounds of technical cooperation between Member States is one of the basic necessities for the success of efforts to liberalize international trade in services. In this regard, provide focal points set forth in paragraph (2) of Article (4) provide information and services from suppliers of Members who need technical assistance to developing countries in order to enable them to implement the agreement and modify the harmonization of national legislation in accordance with the aim of increasing the participation of these countries in trade international Services. Human Translation These companies perform a fundamental and effective role in the globalization process through direct investment, the dismantling and the international integration of the production process. Also by spreading specific consumption patterns, worldwide standardized consumer culture and by dominating the media, advertising, and communication fields.  Section Two: World Trade Organization and its Agreements World Trade Organization was established in 1995. It is the successor of the GATT convention and the general convention of trade and customs. It was signed on the 30th of October 1948, and entered into force on the first of January 1948. In the 1987-1993 Uruguay Rounds, 22 international Agreements were attained including the 1948 GAT convention which became known as the “GAT 1948”, as a way to distinguish it from the original agreement that became part of the subsequent agreements. In addition to these agreements, there were seven understandings that aimed to clarify some provisions cited in the international conventions. The understandings and the agreement came in the form of annexes to the originating convention of the World trade organization that is known as “Marrakesh Agreement”. According to it, the conditions or the requirements needed for joining the World Trade organization are based on the acceptance of the Uruguay Rounds agreements and understandings as a one package. These agreements are the one that govern the trade of goods and services and the commercial aspects of intellectual property rights. We will talk about the most important agreements that were included in the Uruguay Round Agreement with an emphasis on the “Trips Agreement”  The Agriculture Agreement: The agreement states on transferring imposed non-tariff barriers on agricultural commodities to identified tariffs and then reducing customs tariffs albeit in varying rates and different durations for developed and developing countries, with an average of 36 percent for developed countries and 24 percent for developing countries. This reduction is accomplished in six years in developed countries and ten years in developing ones. The agreement doesn’t bind the least developed countries to make any reductions on the custom tariffs of its imports of agricultural commodities. Also, the agreement stated on not providing any new subsidies for the agricultural exports and on scaling down the support of the agricultural commodities exports to 36 percent of its value and to 21 percent of the volume of exports which benefit from the support that was occurring from 1986 to 1990. This is scheduled to happen in six years for industrialized countries where the support will scale down to 24 percent from the value while it will scale down to 14 percent from the amount in developing countries after ten years of the implementation of the convention.  Clothing and Textiles Agreement: The agreement states on the inclusion of textiles and clothing trade with in a multilateral agreement in a period of ten years divided to 4 stages: 1995- First stage, starts by liberating 16 percent of the total volume of Textiles and clothing imports as they were in 1990. 1995-1998: second stage, where the ratio is 17 percent. 1998-2002, third stage, where the ratio reaches 18 percent. 2002-2005: fourth stage, it forms the remaining percent which is 49 percent. In these stages, the quota shares that were prevalent before the Uruguay Round are abolished. Article 8 stated on the establishment of a device to track the members’ implementation of this agreement’s obligations and provisions. This device is made up of a president and ten members. It serves as a body that oversees the trade of textiles and apparels and check all the criteria included in the terms of the agreement. It also provides the members with the results and binds them to accept the recommendations of the tracking body. With the convention came a long list of all the products that are subjected to the provisions of this agreement and its components’ proportions and specifications. Abstract In her text “Machine Translation System and Human Translation with economic texts (2013), ReemBazzal intend to discuss the proper use of available online machine translation technologies in economic translation and provide an objective view of the suitability and reliability of these systems in translation. To illustrate more, practical texts have been submitted and they were translated by both Machine Translation and Human Translation. The evaluation of the work of such technologies and of human translation came based to four different aspects: semantics, syntax, morphology and comprehension and they concluded that although Machine translation results are not that reliable, they can help in producing a well understood text and help in finding some terms and expressions related to the economic field.The incompatibility in semantics and syntax was clear due to the presence of improperly structured and wrongly defined sentences. Thus the writer indicates that economic texts translated by machine can achieve a high credibility when the syntactic and lexicon (semantic) aspects are fixed. This paper is set out to verify this belief. Commentary For a fair comparison of the performance of different online MT systems and Human Translation on economic texts, she needed an appropriate text that the MT systems can evaluate. The text she chose is made up of 625words in its Arabic version. It is therefore a reliable test set for examining the translation quality of economic texts by MT systems and human translation and to produce substantial statistical analysis for their performance in quantitative evaluation. She translated the text human translation and then used google translate to get the machine translation. The results were the following:  Semantics: When it comes to semantics, the meaning or the interpretation of a word or sentence we noticed that machine translation systems were able to give the exact economic definitions and phrases.There were some words that were translated differently between the human translation and the machine systems. Google translate gave lexical definitions of totally different words and sometimes it gave the same Arabic words but written in English letters which effected on the whole meaning of the sentence. On the other hand, human translation gave the exact meaning definition of the words. From the difference: Word or Phrase Human Translation Machine Translation دور اساسي Fundamental role Key role إتفاقيات Conventions Agreements تحرير Liberating Editing ألغى Abolished Canceled نصًّت Stated May وتنصعلىإدراجتجارةالمنسوجاتوألملابسضمنإتفاقيةمتعددةالأطراففيفترةتمتدإلىعشرسنواتتنقسمإلىأربعةمراحل The agreement states on the inclusion of textiles and clothing trade with in a multilateral agreement in a period of ten years divided to 4 stages: It provides for the inclusion of trade in textiles and Ombus multiple Alotarapovi فاعل Effective Actor As for the similarities, here are some examples: Word or phrase Human Translation Machine Translation دعم Subsidiaries Subsidiaries تعرفة جمركية Custom tariff Custom tariff المنسوجات Textiles Textiles القيود غير التعريفية Non-tariff barriers Non-tariff barriers سلع Commodities Commodities  Morphology: Concerning morphology, machine translation has a problem when it comes to translation related to Inflectional morphemes, the exact number, gender of the subject and the exact verb. When translating from Arabic to English, the agreement between grammatically linked items was often missing which led to some sentences that can’t be understood. While human translation has proved its efficiency in giving the exact verb tense number, possession, and comparison. Source text:تنصعلىتحويلالقيودغيرالتعريفيةالمفروضةعلىالسلعالزراعيةإلىقيودتعريفيةومنثمتخفيضالتعرفةالجمركيةولوبنسبمتفاوتةوبمددزمنيةمختلفةللبلدانالمتقدمةوالبلدانالنامية Machine translation:Provides for the transfer of non-tariff barriers imposed on agricultural commodities to the limitations of identifying and then reducing tariffs if to varying degrees and lengths of time are different for developed countries and developing countries Human Translation:The agreement states on transferring imposed non-tariff barriers on agricultural commodities to identified tariffs and then reducing customs tariffs albeit in varying rates and different durations for developed and developing countries. Source text:وقدارفقتبهذهالإتفاقيةقائمةمطولةتشملكافةالمنتجاتالتيتخضعلأحكامهذهالإتفاقيةومواصفاتهاونسبمكوناته Machine translation:I have attached to this agreement includes a lengthy list of all the products that are subject to the provisions of this Convention and it’s specifications and proportions of components. Human Translation:With the convention came a long list of all the products that are subjected to the provisions of this agreement and its components’ proportions and specifications. Source text:وبالإضافةإلىتلكالإتفاقياتهناكسبعتفاهماتهدفتإلىتوضيحبعضالأحكامالواردةفيالإتفاقياتالدوليةوقدجاءتهذهالإتفاقيةوالتفاهماتفيصورةملاحقللإتفاقالمنشىءلمنظمةالتجارةالعالميةالمعروفبإتفاقمراكشوأصبحتبناءًعليه Machine translation:international conventions have come this agreement and understandings in the form of supplements to the agreement originator of the World Trade Organization, Human translation: In addition to these agreements, there were seven understandings that aimed to clarify some provisions cited in the international conventions. The understandings and the agreement came in the form of annexes to the originating convention of the World trade organization that is known as “Marrakesh Agreement”  Syntax: Concerning the word order (syntax): the human translation is better than machine translation. The word combination in human translation is respected and well organized. It is more accurate and follows the grammatical rules: subject-verb and we can also notice the proper use of words such determiners, modifiers, and complements While in machine translation a majority of phrases started with the verb or the verb phrase instead of the noun, and the structure is most likely similar to the combination of words in the Arabic language, hence, the Arabic uses the : verb-subject-object combinational structure while in the English language, it is subject-verb-object- prepositional phrase (noun group, adjective, adverb ,prepositional, and possessive) so it’s obvious that google translate was unable to give good results for example: Source text:انشئتمنظمةالتجارةالعالميةعام ١٩٩٥ Machine translation:Established the World Trade Organization in 1995 Human translation:World Trade Organization was established in 1995 Source Text:وبالإضافةإلىتلكالإتفاقياتهناكسبعتفاهماتهدفتإلىتوضيحبعضالأحكامالواردةفيالإتفاقياتالدوليةوقدجاءتهذهالإتفاقيةوالتفاهماتفيصورةملاحقللإتفاقالمنشىءلمنظمةالتجارةالعالميةالمعروفبإتفاقمراكشوأصبحتبناءًعليه،شروطأومتطلباتالإنضمامإلىمنظمةالتجارةالعالميةتستندإلىقبولاتفاقياتوتفاهماتجولةالأوروغوايكحزمةواحدة Machine translation:known by agreement Crash became Accordingly, conditions or requirements to join the World Trade Organization are based on the acceptance of agreements and understandings tour Uruguay as one package which agreements governing trade in goods and services and the commercial aspects of intellectual property rights. Human translation: The understandings and the agreement came in the form of annexes to the originating convention of the World trade organization that is known as “Marrakesh Agreement”. According to it, the conditions or the requirements needed for joining the World Trade organization are based on the acceptance of the Uruguay Rounds agreements and understandings as a one package. Source text:وفيهذهالمراحلتلغىالحصصالكميةالتيكانتسائدةقبلجولةالأوروغواي. Machine Translation:In these stages canceled the quota shares that were prevalent before the Uruguay Round Human translation:In these stages, the quota shares that were prevalent before the Uruguay Round are abolished.  Comprehension and pragmatics: After comparing the two methods of translation we noticed that the target texts in the machine translation and despite the mistakes can be understood. But the use of grammar and punctuation is not correct and the sentences are sometimes lengthy and complex. Also, MT produces some sentences that are unfortunately far from the meaning given in the source text. As for human translation, the texts we well understood, the meaning was clearly stated in the target language and the use of grammar and punctuation is correct. Take the following sentences as examples: Machine Translation examples: May Article (8) the establishment of a follow-up to implement the Members of the obligations and provisions of this Agreement consists of this device from the Head of the ten members which is a body always oversees trade in textiles and apparel and scans all of the criteria contained in the terms of the agreement Amovat Members results Oaltzm Members to accept the recommendations of the device follow-up. Cover trade in services all , and sets out principles and rules for trade in services and schedules Balaltazmat undertaken by Member States and there are new negotiations began on Trade in Services since March 2001 to attach the agreement set of appendices Article (29) on the deemed an integral part of the Convention The existence of such non- understood sentences was somehow limited and the positive results that were found in the semantic field helped in making machine translation system good in translation when it comes to the translation of the economic texts. The existence of terminology and phrases that holds the exact economic definitions made google translate somehow reliable in translation. Yet the existence of syntax mistakes and wrong definitions of words made the level of compatibility around 40 %  Recommendations: 1. It is necessary to apply and add specific linguistic knowledge to the machine translation systems such as morphological analyzers, part of speech taggers, and full grammar for each language included in the system. This will ensure the production of grammatically correct sentences, correct syntax and improved terminology use. 2. It is important to allow the search of the machine system logs on-line in order to grant contrastive linguists and professional translators the possibility of evaluating everything from minor aspects of lexical usage and syntactic structure to the engine itself. Knowing that this will help users in using what other specialists have already corrected and put there. 3. It is recommended that computational linguists modify the economic lexicon when it comes to translating economic texts in order to insure the use of the exact terms, phrases and sentences in the translated version. 4. Machine translation must include professional memories in order to improve its work.  Conclusion: It is clear that machine translation technologies (google translate in our case) are useful in translation,linguistic analysis and in the preparation of a rough draft among many professional translators (Champollion, 2003; lagoudaki, 2008; O’Hagen and Ashworth, 2002) They are widely available and relatively free of charge. This paper shows how Mt can serve as a basis for training translators to work with these systems or to use them as a tool for finding terms and phrases like economic texts which in its turn also helps them save time. Yet, the disadvantages are still overcoming the advantages and the translation quality is still a little bit rough and lacks the lexical and syntactic touch making the MT systems tools for providing ordinary work of translation not impressive one. No perfection achieved while using such system  References: Benito,D.(2009). “ Future Trends in Translation Memory”. Atril, RevistaTradumatic- ISSN: 1578-7559 Bazzal, Reem (2013). The Performance of Machine Translation Systems and Human translation with Economic Texts. Lebanese International University. Issue 13