Breaking Translation Barriers in Politics

TRNS 303-Computer Assisted Translation Fall 2013-2014 Breaking Translation Barriers in Politics Submitted to: Dr. Ghada AWADA Ghina BOU CHAKRA ID# 11031438 Table of contents: Abstract……………………………………………………………………………...3 Document 1…………………………………………………………………………..4 Document 2……………………………………………...……………………….….8 Document 3……………………………………………...……………………….….8 Document 4……………………………………………...……………………….….8 Document 5……………………………………………...……………………….….8 Commentry…………..…………………………………………………………….29 A. Introduction……………………………………………………………29 B. Aims of MT…………………………………………………………….29 C. Human Translation vs Machine Translation :analytical study…….30 a. Endormement…………………………………………………..30 b. Refutation……………………………………………………..32 Recommandations ……………………………………………………………….....35 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………..36 References……………………………………………………………………..……38 I. Abstract Bou Chakra, G. (2013) in the notation entitled “Breaking Translation Barriers in Politics,” stated the difference between machine and human translations using two sets of texts (English, Arabic) as input is stated, with the use of five examples of political documents for comparison. The Google translator is utilized as a source for the machine translation of the extracted articles, whereas the author herself translated the same editorials from the perspective of human translators. Accordingly, this paper diagnoses the faults and attempts to detect the reasons of translation, as it sheds light on the areas where the right interpreted solution is missed. Meanwhile, flaws and rendering problems are categorized and analyzed, with their coinciding recommendations proposed. The two modes of translation (from and into Arabic) face a wide range of common linguistic problems as well as mode-specific setbacks. As Arabic and English are distant languages from two unrelated families, machine translation is bound to face many dilemmas in producing meaningful coherent translations between the two. Consequently, this piece is an attempt to draw a distinction between the two types of translation while illuminating the different characteristics of each one. Document 1 Source Text Oliver: Publicly, Kennedy took full responsibility for the fiasco. Privately, he was furious at the Joint Chiefs “sons of bitches” and “those C.I.A. bastards.” threatening to shatter the CIA into a thousand pieces and scatter them to the winds. Incredibly, he fired Allen Dulles, albeit diplomatically and two other top officials, and all C.I.A. overseas personnel were placed under State Department control. Kennedy’s growing mistrust of his military and intelligence advisors made it easier to rebuff their pressure to send troops in 1961 into the tiny land-locked Asian nation of Laos, something that Eisenhower had warned him might be necessary to defeat the communists. Newsreel: Laos, strategic buffer state between the Red Bloc and free Asia is watched with concern by all the world. Oliver: The Joint Chiefs wanted Kennedy to give prior commitment to a large-scale invading force. Arthur Schlesinger, an aide and respected historian, later said. Arthur Schlesinger’s voice: After the Bay of Pigs, Kennedy had contempt for the Joint Chiefs. He dismissed them as “a bunch of old men.” He thought Lemnitzer was a dope. Oliver: And as a result Kennedy opted for a neutralist solution which angered the Pentagon. It would come back to haunt him. The mood was dark when Kennedy traveled to vienna to meet Khrushchev at their first Summit Conference that June of ‘61. Khrushchev berated the young president for America’s global imperialism. Khrushchev’s voice: We in the U.S.S.R. feel that the revolutionary process should have a right to exist. Oliver: The major issue for Khrushchev was Germany. What terrified him was the prospect of West Germany finally getting control over U.S. nukes deployed so close to the Soviet Union. And also by 1961, approximately 20% of the East German population some 2-1/2 half million people, had fled through the open border seeking a better life in West Germany. It was an open-sore humiliation for the Soviets, who now wanted a treaty recognizing two separate Germanys and the withdrawal of western forces from West Berlin. Khrushchev explained to an American journalist. Human translation: أوليفر: علنياً، تحمّل كينيدي المسؤولية الكاملة لهذا الفشل،لكنه في السر، كان غاضبًا جدًا من هيئة الأركان المشتركة السفَلة ورجال الاستخبارات الوضيعين وهدّد بتحطيم الاستخبارات إلى ألف قطعة وتركها لتطير في الهواء.وبشكل لا يصدق، طرد آلن دوليس، ولو بطريقة دبلوماسية فقط، ومسؤولين رفيعي المستوى ووضع جميع العاملين في الاستخبارات خارج البلاد بعهدة وزارة الخارجية. إن انعدام الثقة المتزايدة تجاه مستشاريه العسكريين والاستخباريين،سهل إيقاف ضغطهم لإرسال جنود عام ألف وتسعمئة وواحد ستين إلى لاوس، البلد الآسيوي الصغير جداً،والمحاط ببلدان أخرى من جميع الجهات. الأمر الذي لفت أيزنهاور انتباهه بأن هذا قد يكون ضرورياً لهزيمة الشيوعية. رجل:09:25 لاوس، البلد ذو الموقع الاستراتيجي بين الكتلة الحمراء وآسيا الحرة، يخضع لمراقبة بالغة الاهتمام من جميع العالم. أوليفر:09:31 أرادت هيئة الأركان المشتركة من كينيدي أن يقدم التزاماً مسبقاً بقوة هجومية ضخمة.آرثر شليزنغر، المساعد والمؤرخ المحترم قال لاحقًا... آرثر شليزنغر:09:43 بعد عملية خليج الخنازير، كان كينيدي منزعجًا من هيئة الأركان المشتركة واعتبرهم مجموعة من كبار السن، وأن ليمنتزر مجرد أحمق. ونتيجةً لذلك، اختار كينيدي حلاً وسطياً أثار غضب البنتاغون وعاد ليقض مضاجعه. أوليفر:10:04 كان الجو العام حين سافر كينيدي إلى فيينا للقاء خروتشيف مظلماً. وفي أول قمة بينهما في يونيو عام ألف وتسعمئة وواحد وستين، انتقدخروتشيف الرئيس الشاب بسبب إمبريالية أميركا العالمية. 10:20 خروتشيف نحن في الاتحاد السوفياتي، نشعر بأنه يحق للعمليات الثورية بالانطلاق. أوليفر:10:26 المشكلة الرئيسية بالنسبة لـ خروتشيف كانت ألمانيا. وما أرعبه هواحتمال أن تسيطر ألمانيا الغربية على الأسلحة النووية التابعة للولايات المتحدة الموجودة على مقربة من الاتحاد السوفياتي. وأيضًا،وفي عام ألف وتسعمئة وواحد وستين، هرب حوالى عشرين في المئة من سكان ألمانيا الشرقية، ما يقارب مليوناً ونصف مليون شخص، عبر الحدود آملين الحصول على حياة أفضل في ألمانيا الغربية. كان ذلك ذلاً علنياً للسوفيات الذين أرادوا معاهدة تقر بوجود دولتين ألمانيتين منفصلتين وانسحاب القوات الغربية من ألمانيا الغربية. شرح خروتشيف لصحافي أميركي. Google Translation: أوليفر: علنا، استغرق كينيدي المسؤولية الكاملة عن الفشل الذريع. القطاع الخاص، وقال انه كان غاضبا في "أبناء الكلبات" هيئة الأركان المشتركة و"تلك CIA الأوغاد. "يهدد لتحطيم وكالة الاستخبارات المركزية إلى ألف قطعة وتبعثرها للرياح. بشكل لا يصدق، انه اطلق النار ألين دالاس، وإن كان دبلوماسيا واثنين من كبار المسؤولين، وجميع CIA وضعت الموظفين في الخارج تحت سيطرة وزارة الخارجية. جعل عدم الثقة كنيدي متزايد من مستشاريه العسكريين والمخابرات من الاسهل للرد ضغوطهم لارسال قوات في عام 1961 في الدولة الصغيرة غير الساحلية الآسيوية في لاوس، وهو الأمر الذي حذرت منه أيزنهاور قد يكون من الضروري لهزيمة الشيوعيين. نشرة إخبارية: لاوس، وشاهد دولة عازلة الاستراتيجية بين كتلة الأحمر وخالية آسيا بقلق من جميع أنحاء العالم. أوليفر: إن هيئة الأركان المشتركة أراد كينيدي لإعطاء التزام قبل قوة غازية على نطاق واسع. وقال آرثر شليزنجر، مساعد ومؤرخ محترم، في وقت لاحق صوت آرثر شليزنجر: بعد خليج الخنازير، وكان كينيدي ازدراء لهيئة الأركان المشتركة. انه وصفها بأنها "مجموعة من كبار السن من الرجال"، ويعتقد ان Lemnitzer على منشطات. أوليفر: ونتيجة لذلك اختارت كينيدي عن حل المحايد الذي أغضب البنتاجون. فإنه يعود ليطارده. كان مزاج الظلام عندما سافر إلى فيينا كينيدي لتلبية خروشوف في المؤتمر القمة الأولى بهم أن شهر يونيو من '61. خروتشوف وبخ الرئيس الشاب للإمبريالية العالمية في أميركا. صوت خروشوف: ونحن في الاتحاد السوفياتي يشعرون بأن العملية الثورية ينبغي أن يكون لها الحق في الوجود. أوليفر: كان قضية رئيسية بالنسبة للخروتشوف ألمانيا. ما بالرعب وسلم كان احتمال الحصول على ألمانيا الغربية في نهاية المطاف السيطرة على الأسلحة النووية الأمريكية المنتشرة على مقربة من الاتحاد السوفياتي. وأيضا من قبل عام 1961، ما يقرب من 20٪ من سكان ألمانيا الشرقية بعض 2-1/2 نصف مليون شخص، فروا عبر الحدود المفتوحة بحثا عن حياة أفضل في ألمانيا الغربية. كان والإذلال مفتوح للالتهاب السوفييت، الذين كانوا يريدون الآن معاهدة تعترف الألمانيتين منفصلة وانسحاب القوات الغربية من برلين الغربية. وأوضح خروتشوف لصحفية أمريكية. Document 2 Source Text Elected to the Senate in ‘52, Kennedy had been a Cold War liberal who had avoided criticizing Joseph McCarthy, an old family friend. His younger brother Robert had even served on McCarthy’s staff. Alluding to the title of his Pulitzer Prize winning book “Profiles in Courage…” Eleanor Roosevelt said she wished that Kennedy had “had a little less profile and a little more courage." His team, a combination of insiders from foundations, corporations and Wall Street firms, as well as progressives and intellectuals, was labeled “the best and the brightest” for their intelligence, achievements and can-do spirit, typified by National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy, the first applicant to get perfect scores on all three Yale entrance exams. At Defense, Kennedy brought in a civilian outsider, Robert McNamara. Renowned for his computer-like mind and leading the Ford Motor Company, he quickly earned the immediate distrust of his generals by putting the Pentagon under microscopic scrutiny. A devastating nuclear war plan had been handed down to them from Eisenhower. McNamara was appalled by what he found--a culture of paranoid worst-case scenarios. When Kennedy asked the statistically-minded McNamara to ascertain just how big the missile gap really was, it took three weeks to confirm that there was no gap and several months to find out that there was quite a huge difference. The U.S. had approximately 25,000 nuclear weapons, the Soviets, 2,500. Human translation: انتُخب لمجلس الشيوخ عامألف وتسعمئة واثنين وخمسين، وكان كينيدي ليبراليًا مؤيداً الحرب الباردة.وتفادى انتقاد جوزيف مكارثي، صديق العائلةالقديم.حتى إن أخاه الأصغر، روبرت، عمل ضمن فريق عمل مكارثي.وقالت إلينور روزفلت مشيرةإلى عنوان كتابه الذي حاز جائزة بوليتزر "لمحات منالشجاعة"إنها تمنت لو أن كينيدي كان أقل وسامة وأكثر شجاعة. ولُقّب فريق عمله الذي ضممجموعة من المنتمين إلى منظمات وشركات عادية ومالية في وول ستريت،بالإضافة إلى تقدميين ومفكرين، بأنهالفريق "الأفضل والأذكى" لأجل معلوماتهم وإنجازاتهم وروحهم الحماسية. ورَمَز إليهم مستشار الأمن القومي ماكجورج بندي،وهو أول مرشح يحصل على مجموع كامل في امتحانات الدخول الثلاثة إلى جامعة يال. وأتى كينيدي إلى وزارة الدفاع برجل مدني من خارج حقل السياسة، روبرت ماكنمارا، وهوالمعروف بفكره الذي يشبه الحاسوب بقيادة شركة فورد.وكسب على الفور عدم ثقة جنرالاته حين عرّض البنتاغون لفحص دقيق جداً. تسلّمواخطة مدمّرة لحرب نووية من أيزنهاور،وصُعق ماكنمارا بما وجده.إنها ثقافة الخوف في أسوأ الحالات. وحين طلب كينيدي من ماكنمارا ذي العقل الإحصائي أن يحدّد مدى عمق فجوة الصورايخ،احتاج الأخيرلثلاثة أسابيع حتى يؤكد عدم وجود أيّ فجوة،ولعدة أشهر ليكتشف الفرق الشاسع.امتلكت الولايات المتحدة خمسة وعشرين ألف سلاح نووي تقريباً فيما امتلك الاتحاد السوفياتي ألفين وخمسمئة سلاح نووي.امتلكت الولايات المتحددة ألفاً وخمسمئة طائرة حربية. Google Translation: انتخب لعضوية مجلس الشيوخ في '52 ، كان كينيدي كان ليبراليا الحرب الباردة الذين تجنبت انتقاد جوزيف مكارثي ، وهو صديق للعائلة القديمة. وكان شقيقه الأصغر روبرت خدم حتى على الموظفين مكارثي . في إشارة إلى لقب له الفوز بجائزة بوليتزر كتاب " لمحات في الشجاعة ... " وقال اليانور روزفلت أعربت عن رغبتها أن كينيدي كان "كان أقل قليلا صورة و أكثر من ذلك بقليل الشجاعة. " فريقه ، وهو مزيج من المطلعين من المؤسسات والشركات و شركات وول ستريت ، وكذلك التقدميين و المثقفين ، وصفت " أفضل و ألمع " ل ذكائهم والإنجازات و يمكن أن تفعل الروح، تتميز مستشار الأمن القومي ماك جورج بوندي ، وطالب أول من يحصل على درجات الكمال على جميع امتحانات القبول ييل الثلاثة. في الدفاع ، جلبت كينيدي في الخارج المدنيين، روبرت ماكنمارا . تشتهر عقله مثل الكمبيوتر و الرائدة في شركة فورد للسيارات ، وقال انه حصل بسرعة انعدام الثقة فورا من جنرالاته عن طريق وضع البنتاغون تحت المجهر المجهرية. وقد تم تسليم خطة الحرب النووية المدمرة نزل إليهم من ايزنهاور . ذهلت مكنمارا من خلال ما وجد - ثقافة سيناريوهات أسوأ حالة بجنون العظمة . عندما سئل كينيدي إحصائيا في التفكير ماكنمارا للتأكد من مدى كبيرة كانت الفجوة الصواريخ حقا ، استغرق الأمر ثلاثة أسابيع للتأكد من وجود فجوة و عدة أشهر لمعرفة ان كان هناك فرق كبير جدا . وكان ما يقرب من 25،000 الولايات المتحدة الأسلحة النووية ، السوفيات ، 2،500 II. Commentary A- Introduction Background Much has been said about translation as being one of the most effective, if not the only means of communication especially among cultures of different languages. Translation as a concept existed hundreds of years ago, but only during the second half of the 20th century did it emerge as an independent academic field called “Translation Studies” and from there it began being taught at universities. Therefore, a dire need for translation as an educational specialty has prompted theorists in the field to seek for more sophisticated methods and techniques for a way of quicker, cheaper and more effective way of translation. Thus, a new type emerged and evolved, as a competitor with human translators; dubbed “Machine Translation’ or the “Automatic Translation.” B- Aims of Machine Translation Most translations in the world are not of texts which have high literary and cultural status. The great majority of professional translators are employed to satisfy the huge and growing demand for translations of scientific and technical documents, commercial and business transactions, administrative memoranda, legal documentation, instruction manuals, agricultural and medical text books, industrial patents, publicity leaflets, newspaper reports, etc. Some of this work is challenging and difficult. But much of it is tedious and repetitive, while at the same time requiring accuracy and consistency. The demand for such translations is increasing at a rate far beyond the capacity of the translation profession. The assistance of a computer has clear and immediate attractions. The practical usefulness of an MT system is determined ultimately by the quality of its output. But what counts as a ‘good’ translation, whether produced by human or machine, is an extremely difficult concept to define precisely. Much depends on the particular circumstances in which it is made and the particular recipient for whom it is intended. Fidelity, accuracy, intelligibility, appropriate style and register are all criteria which can be applied, but they remain subjective judgments. What matters in practice, as far as MT is concerned, is how much has to be changed in order to bring output up to a standard acceptable to a human translator or reader. With such a slippery concept as translation, researchers and developers of MT systems can ultimately aspire only to producing translations which are ‘useful’ in particular situations — which obliges them to define clear research objectives — or, alternatively, they seek suitable applications of the ‘translations’ which in fact they are able to produce. C- Human Translation VS Machine Translation: An analytical study 1- Endorsement (with Google translation) Since the advent of the 21st century, there have been a lot of developments and new technologies have been introduced which have made life more convenient and simple. A machine translator is such a small yet useful device. Machine translation, which is also known as Computer Aided Translation, is basically the use of software programs which have been specifically designed to translate both verbal and written texts from one language to another. Let's go over the advantages of machine translation (Dilmanc, 2011) 1.1-Grammar From this angle, there are no major mistakes in the translation of Google regarding plural, singular, or verb tenses. However, verb tenses have to be chosen in way that preserves the meaning of the sentence. So from grammatical point of view the sentences translated by Google may be correct, but the meaning may differ if the verb tense is not well chosen. This case may be found in literary text which contains the variety of verb tenses, and, usually, it is not the case in journalistic texts. 1.2-Proper Nouns A noun belonging to the class of words used as names for unique individuals, events, or places is a proper noun; also called proper name. Despite the fact that machine translation is full of errors, there is a very significant benefit of it. Not all human translators know the exact translations of proper nouns. For example, " Pulitzer Prize" was correctly translated via Google to :"" بجائزة بوليتزر. 2- Refutation (with human translation) As no one can deny that the main rationale behind any translation is to transfer as much as possible the meaning intended by the source text's writer into the target text, It is quite obvious, from the reading of the human and machine translation of each source text, that machine translation sometimes achieves an ambiguous and distorted meaning which becomes difficult to grasp it and that it is not that perfect rendering of the source text into the target text. 2.1-Semantics According to Jean, S. (2000), Semantics is the study of the meaning. It focuses on the relationship between signifiers, such as words, phrases, and symbols, and what their stand for, i.e. their denotation. A semantic study of the above mentioned texts can reveal that the meaning is highly maintained in Human Translated texts whereas it is violated in Machine Translated texts just like in the following example. The sentence "Incredibly, he fired Allen Dulles, albeit diplomatically" was translated by Google as the following بشكل لا يصدق، انه بشكل لا يصدق، انه اطلق النار ألين دالاس، وإن كان دبلوماسيا. However, the translation done by human for this sentence is وبشكل لا يصدق، طرد آلن دوليس، ولو بطريقة دبلوماسية فقط،. Another example, the sentence "He thought Lemnitzer was a dope." was translated by Google as the following ويعتقد ان Lemnitzer على منشطات. However, the translation done by human for this sentence is أعتبر أن ليمنتزر مجرد أحمق. In these examples, the machine translated sentence produces certain associations sometimes with no sense. This is mainly, as stated before, due to the fact that machine translation focuses on the source text's language which is in this case English, as being different from Arabic. Thus, Google machine translator does not give options or variable choices while translating; it just translates word for word without dealing with the whole meaning of the text. As for the human translation in the same example, the ability of the translator to substitute the words renders the translation easy to be understood. It is only through human translation that the translator can add or delete certain words or even phrases, sometimes, for the sake of clarity. 2.2-Syntax According to Noe, N. (2002), syntax is the study of the principles and rules for constructing sentences in natural languages. The term syntax also refers to the rules and principles that govern the sentence structure of any language. Because each language has its own syntax, the sentence structure will not always be as it is in translating from one language to another. English-Arabic translation difficulties result from differences in word order between the syntax of the two languages. For example, the adjectives in English precede the nouns, while in Arabic, nouns precede the adjectives. Indeed, no machine translation can copy the same syntax from a target text to a source text. From this angle, what was noticed is that machine translations had mistakes, as in many areas the arrangement of words was not in an understandable `Arabic` pattern. An example of this is the sentence "The Joint Chiefs wanted Kennedy to give prior commitment to a large-scale invading force. Arthur Schlesinger, an aide and respected historian, later said" which was translated by Google as إن هيئة الأركان المشتركة أراد كينيدي لإعطاء التزام قبل قوة غازية على نطاق واسع.. Here we can clearly see the difference in dealing with grammatical accordance (subject verb disagreements) in the text and keeping the whole meaning of the sentence. 2.3-Morphology According to Aronoff, M. (1976), Morphology is the branch of linguistics that studies words; it is concerned with the internal structure of words as well as the relationships that exist among the words of the language. A good translation must be free of morphological errors which are mainly grammatical ones. Consistency also comes under morphology. An example of this is the sentence " Kennedy’s growing mistrust of his military and intelligence advisors made it easier to rebuff their pressure to send troops in 1961 into the tiny land-locked Asian nation of Laos, something that Eisenhower had warned him might be necessary to defeat the communists" which was translated by Google as جعل عدم الثقة كنيدي متزايد من مستشاريه العسكريين والمخابرات من الاسهل للرد ضغوطهم لارسال قوات في عام 1961 في الدولة الصغيرة غير الساحلية الآسيوية في لاوس، وهو الأمر الذي حذرت منه أيزنهاور قد يكون من الضروري لهزيمة الشيوعيين. . Although the meaning maybe can be comprehensible; nevertheless, the structure of languages are different and, hence, they should be respected for the sake of producing a well-formed translation in the target language. The inability of the machine translation to produce a well-structured text is due to its focus on the "comprehension" and not "the production of a perfect target text". So far as the human translation is concerned, the above example can reveal, clearly how the human translator is capable of avoiding what have been criticized in the machine translation. The human version is a structure respecting and its focus has been in both the source text, in an act of comprehension, and the target text, in an act of producing a perfect translation. The human translator's flexibility allows them to move from language into another bearing in their minds the difference of structures between languages. 2.4-Mechanics The right choice of words and terminologies is the secret behind a successful translation of any document, but machine cannot decide what term suits better this or that context (Hartmann, 1980). Any deviation from the genre of the given document is considered a big mistake. In that cause, Google doesn’t choose the accurate word like in the human translation. For example, in this sentence “Privately, he was furious at the Joint Chiefs..." the word “Privately” in English was translated by Google into the word “القطاع الخاص”, and it gave a completely different meaning which should be "secretly". Another example, in the sentence "Kennedy took full responsibility" the word :took" was translated by Google as استغرق which doesn’t match with the noun for it is meant to assume responsibility and not to took or spend time so it should be translated as تحمل. 2.5-Acronyms As for acronyms Google translation fails to analyze and give the correct translation for these acronyms. As an example, in the text used the acronym CIA was mentioned which stands for Central Intelligence Agency and should be translated asوكالة الإستخبارات المركزية but the machine kept it as it is, without rendering and that could be ambiguous for the target reader who might not know what is the CIA. III. Recommendations After viewing and analyzing the above points, on the different and common aspects between these two very competitive types of translation, the following recommendations can be suggested: When it comes to machine translation remember these three important rules: • Always do updates for the latest terminologies used in politics of the different countries because they differ depending on the culture, custom, and traditions of each country. • Take additional training courses in translation software; it helps to be more productive when knowing how to use the software properly and fluently. • Have more knowledge about politics and always follow up with what is going around nationally and internationally. While in general, other points can help in regards to translation itself, including: • It is imperative that a translator be alert to the particularity of each language and knows how to deliver the same meaning without any misunderstanding. • A translator should also be objective in his translation so that his personal point of view will not influence the purpose of the main text. • Translators need to accept the new technologies and learn how to use them to their maximum potential as a means to increased productivity and quality improvement. • Fully understand the political stance of the country you are translating about. IV. Conclusion Computer code as a universal language may at one point be able to transcend human language structure and software programs may become intelligent enough to truly understand language. However, humans are somewhat illogical beings and language is an adaptable, ever-changing, living concept that reflects the human psyche which may never be entirely captured in its essence by a machine. Computers and powerful software programs will play an increasing role in inter-language communication and will become more effective in bridging language gaps. Going forward it will remain important to be cognoscente of the limitations of software programs and machines, work around the flaws, embrace the benefits and add the human touch where necessary; so that one is not at risk to “step under floating burdens” which is Google translate for “stand under suspended loads” (Kakase, 2011, p. 2). You never know when the tower may be tumbling down and then, everyone will benefit from speaking more than just one’s own language. \ V. References Jean, S. (2002). Assessment of a good translation. British Journal of Guidance and Counseling. 12 (2), 434-898 Doi: 10.1080/15388220.2020.483182. Noe, N. (2002). Rules of English grammar. The language journal. October 28, 2013. Retrieved from http://www.thelanguagejournal.com/2004/05/08/opinion. Kakase, K. (2011, February 21). Google, Yahoo! BabelFish use math principles to translate documents online. Science News. Online newspaper, . Retrieved March 2, 2011, from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/article/2011/02/21/AR2011022102191.html?referrer=emailarticle Sajan, R. (2012).Retrieved from: http://www.sajan.com/blog/scary-translation mistakes-to-howl-about-and-how-you-can-avoid-them. Cambridge. (2013).Cambridge Studies. Retrieved from: http://www.c-s-p.org/flyers/978-1-4438-1677-9-sample.pdf.