Inaam Kuteish and Maha Atwe

Abstract: In line with Inaam Kuteish and Maha Atwe (2013) This paper presents the differences between machine translation and human translation in the literary field. Literary translations are uniquely challenging because they require high-level understanding of specific terms in both the source and target language. In this paper we will tackle semantics, syntax, morphology, comprehensive and terminological differences. Also, we will shed the light on the ways of translating such documents and will show examples differentiating between translated documents. Recommendations are also given in this paper. Sample The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore, While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of someone gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door. "'Tis some visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door - Only this, and nothing more." Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December, And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor. Eagerly I wished the morrow; - vainly I had sought to borrow From my books surcease of sorrow - sorrow for the lost Lenore - For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore - Nameless here for evermore. And the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain Thrilled me - filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before; So that now, to still the beating of my heart, I stood repeating, "'Tis some visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door - Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door; - This it is, and nothing more." Human translation الغراب شعر: أدغار ألن بو ترجمة: د. إنعام الهاشمي -------------------------------- - 1 - في ليلةٍ مقفرةٍ عند منتصف الليل ، حيث كنت أتأمل وأفكِّر، حائراً، متعباً وضجِر مررتُ بعديدٍ من المعتقداتِ القديمةِ الغريبة – التي غطاها ألنسيان وعندما سقط رأسي على صدري وأوشكتُ أن أغفو فجأةً جاءَ الطرقُ وكأن أحداً برفقٍ يقرعُ .. يقرعُ على بابِ مخدعي تمتمتُ "هو زائرٌ" "هو زائرٌ يقرعُ على بابِ مخدعي – هذا فقط... لا غير" ............................ - 2 - آه.. أتذكّرُ بوضوحٍ إنه ديسمبر الكثيب وفيه كلُّّ جذوةٍ تحتضرُ وتلقي بشبحِها يتمطّى فوقَ الأرض . بلهفةًٍ تمنيتُ الغد؛ – وبعبثٍ حاولتُ أن االتمسَ في كتُبي نهايةًً لهذا الأسى – ألأسى لفقدِ لينور – لتلك الفتاةِ الرائعةِ المتألقة التي أسمتها الملائكةُُ لينور – وهنا لا اسمَ لها ، ابداً بعد اليوم. ................... - 3 - الحفيفُ الحريريُّ الحزينُ والغامضُ لكلِّ ستارةٍ أرجوانية أثارني – ملأني برعبٍ غريب لم أعرفهُ أبدا من قبل ؛ والآن ، لأُهدِّئ دقاتِ قلبي ، وقفتُ أردِّد "هو أحدُ الزوّارِ يرجو الدخولَ في بابِ مخدعي "؛ – هو أحدُ زوّارِالليلِِ يرجو الدخولَ في بابِ مخدعي – هذا هو ، لا غير. Machine translation مرة واحدة عند منتصف الليل الكئيب، وأنا فكرت وضعيفة وأنهكته، أكثر من وحدة تخزين العديد غريبة وغريبة من العلم النسيان، بينما كنت ضربة رأس، القيلولة تقريبا، فجأة هناك جاء التنصت، اعتبارا من بعض واحد موسيقى الراب بلطف، موسيقى الراب في باب حجرتي. "'تيس بعض الزوار،" I تمتم "التنصت على باب حجرتي - هذا فقط، ولا شيء أكثر من ذلك. " آه، بوضوح تذكرت، أنه كان في ديسمبر القابض، ويحدثه كل جذوة مفصولة ميتة شكلت شبحا لها على الأرض. بلهفة تمنيت الغد، - عبثا التمست لاقتراض من surcease كتبي من الحزن - الحزن لفقدان ينور - لالبتول النادرة المتألقة النادرة الذين لينور اسم الملائكة - المجهولون هنا إلى الأبد. وحريري سرقة مؤكد حزينة لكل ستار ارجواني بسعادة غامرة لي - ملأني الرعب رائعة لم أحسها من قبل؛ بحيث الآن، لا يزال لضرب من قلبي، وقفت تكرار، "'تيس بعض الزوار تناشد مدخل عند باب حجرتي - بعض الزوار في وقت متأخر يستجدي مدخل عند باب حجرتي، - هذا هو عليه، وأكثر من ذلك لا شيء. " The article will tackle first Semantics: The word choice in machine translation is very weak where as the human translation which possesses an excellent word choice e.g.: "rapping at my chamber door" " يقرع على باب مخدعي"H.T: "موسيقى الراب في باب حجرتي "M.T: e.g.: "master" "سيد" H.T: "ماجستير"M.T: e.g.: "To the One in Paradise" "الى التي في الفردوس":H.T "الى واحد في الجنة"M.T: e.g.: Fluttering and dancing in the breeze H.T: تراقصُ النسيمَ وتناغي الوتر التصفيق والرقص في النسيم:M.T e.g.: unpurpeled الارجوانية H.T: M.T: unpurpled Syntax: The word order in machine translation is unorganized whereas the word order in human translation is well-organized. e.g.: "He wailed" H.T: "فرد متأسيا" M.T: "ناح انه" e.g.:This it is, and nothing more." H.T: هذا هو ، لا غير. M.T: هذا هو عليه، وأكثر من ذلك لا شيء. " e.g.: "'Tis some visitor," H.T: هو زائرٌ M.T: "'تيس بعض الزوار Morphology: Machine translation has weak grammar unlike human translation. ا E.g.: ", When all at once I saw a crowd" H.T:"فجأة وجدتُ جماعة" M.T:"في كل مرة عندما رأيت الحشد" E.g.: While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping H.T: وعندما سقط رأسي على صدري وأوشكتُ أن أغفو فجأةً جاءَ الطرقُ M.T: بينما كنت ضربة رأس، القيلولة تقريبا، فجأة هناك جاء التنصت Comprehension: The comprehension level of machine translation is very low unlike the human translation. e.g.: "hon'ring" dids't"" "sent'st" "o'er" "upstarting" Quoth" H.T.: "تكريما اليك" " لم تفعلي" "ارجعته" " فوق" "منتفضاً" "قال " M.T: no translation was given e.g: surcease H.T.: نهايةً M.T: surcease Compatibility: The human translation is 90% compatible with the original text whereas the machine translation is 50% compatible. Analysis From here, we can find that the human translation is different than the machine translation; for the human translator has a mind and can comprehend and know how to make his article coherent and free of errors. The machine translated documents in the literary field are incoherent and lack the sense of comprehension and grammatical coherence. There are many differences between human translation and machine translation, in which errors regarding morphology, syntax, semantics, mechanics, coherence and comprehension are being found. The word choice in machine translation is very weak and the meaning is sometimes vague unlike the human translation which possesses an excellent word choice and uses exact terms that makes the meaning clear. The word order in machine translation is unorganized which makes the sentence barely readable whereas in human translation the word order is well-organized which makes the sentence very clear. Moreover, machine translation has weak grammar such as in sentence structure. . So in machine translation a lot of grammar mistakes are made while a human translator avoids the grammatical mistakes. The comprehension level of machine translation is very low because the machine translation doesn't comprehend the figurative language and the culture especially when it comes to proverbs and sayings unlike human translation. In addition, machine translation is unable to comprehend the old English language like the human translator. In human translation the original text is 90% compatible with the target text whereas in machine translation it is 50% compatible, the text might be explicable but barely readable. Recommendation It is imperative for translators to refrain from using machine translation. In case translators were obliged to seek help they can refer to specialized dictionaries, in addition we recommended to use tradius Moreover, if machine translation is used one should revise the whole text and check the mistakes. It is recommended for those who want to translate texts to seek translators and not machines because a translator can render the original text in an effective and clear way unlike the machine. Although some decoys can be found in the machine translated documents because of the structural changes, these are no more than 5% of the whole document, hence here comes the role of the human translator to detect the errors and correct them. Conclusion To sum up, machine translation has many disadvantages. Machine translation is not reliable; it doesn't give exact meanings, its word order is unorganized, it is weak in structure, it makes many grammar mistakes, and it lacks the ability to comprehend the whole text unlike a human translator who lacks all of these problems. To avoid these problems one should simply resort to human translation. But whenever the translator do his job in a way using his translating skills with the help of the machine, his job will be achieved perfectly without any errors or changes in the meaning. References Hashmy,I. (2011) . The raven. Retrieved on November 24, 2012 from http://www.almothaqaf.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6529:2009-10-17-13-32-20&catid=35:2009-05-21-01-46-04&Itemid=0 Hashmy, I.(2011). The raven. Retrieved on July 20,2012 from http://www.babylon-center.net/?articles=topic&topic=556